Firearms Identification Cards (FID Cards) in New Jersey

An FID Card Is Generally Needed

With certain exceptions, N.J.S. 2C:39-5c makes possession of any rifle or shotgun a third degree crime unless the possessor has a firearms identification card (“FID”). And N.J.S. 2C:39-5b makes possession of a handgun without the firearms purchaser identification card a second degree crime. A different New Jersey statute specifies who may obtain this firearms purchaser identification card. That statute is N.J.S. 2C:58-3c.

Preliminary Warning before Applying

Before looking at what N.J.S. 2C:58-3c says, some strong words of caution are in order: The application form for an FID is at http://www.njsp.org/info/pdf/firearms/sts-033.pdf. The form requires that you provide the names and addresses of character references. The reviewing agency will send to the persons that you list a form that those persons will be required to complete and return. Talk to your character references before naming them on the form. Do not just assume they are on board. Make sure they are comfortable with your using them as references!

If you are aware of any conceivable reason your application for your firearms purchaser identification card may be questioned or denied, review that application with a New Jersey gun lawyer. Do this before submitting your application. It is always easier (and less costly) to prevent a denial in the first place than it is to appeal the denial afterwards.

Provisions of Statute Governing the FID

N.J.S. 2C:58-3c begins by saying that all applicants of good character and good repute in the community where they live, unless disqualified under other provisions of the statute, or other statutes, shall be granted a permit to purchase a handgun or a firearms purchaser identification card upon proper application. N.J.S. 2C:58-3c then goes on to provide a laundry list of what constitutes a disqualification. The list is divided into fifteen numbered parts. Many of those parts contain multiple items so the number of disqualfying conditions is much greater. Here is who is disqualified:

Persons convicted of various offenses:
1. The person has been convicted of a crime;
2. Persons previously convicted of a disorderly persons offense involving an act of domestic violence. The act of domestic violence need not have involved a weapon;
Persons with various drug- and mentally-related conditions:
1. “Drug dependent persons”. Note: This subsection references Section 2 of P.L.1970, c. 226 (C.24:21-2) but never defines the term “drug dependent”;
2. Persons presently confined to a designated type of facility for a mental disorder:
  1. Hospital;
  2. Mental institution;
  3. Sanitarium;
3. Habitual drunkards;
This subsection lists four disqualifying conditions. For the first three, the subsection specifies that the disqualfication is removed if persons having had those conditions provide a certificate from a psychiatrist or other medical doctor licensed in New Jersey, or “other satisfactory proof” that the condition no longer hinders safe handling of firearms. Note, however, that the certificate “or other satisfactory proof” exception in Condition 3b is eliminated by subsequently-adopted Condition 13, below:
1. Anyone with an infirmity that would make it unsafe for that person to handle firearms;
2. Persons previously confined for a mental disorder. The confinement may have been in the long distant past, and may have been when the person was a juvenile;
3. Alcoholics;
4. Persons who knowingly falsify any information on the application form for a handgun purchase permit or firearms purchaser identification card;
Persons less than eighteen years old;
Persons to whom issuance “would not be in the interest of the public health, safety or welfare because the person is found to be lacking the essential character of temperament necessary to be entrusted with a firearm”;
Person subject to or who have violated a temporary or final restraining order, whether issued in New Jersey or elsewhere, prohibiting the person from possessing any firearm;
Persons who, as a juvenile, were adjudicated delinquent for any of various offense which, if committed by an adult, would constitute a crime. These offenses include unlawful use or possession of a weapon, explosive or destructive device;
Persons whose firearm was seized in connection with a violation of New Jersey's laws involving domestic violence when the firearm has not been returned. Note that the person whose firearem or firearms were seized need not have been the person involved in the alleged domestic violence. For example, they may merely have resided in, or even just stored a firearm in, the home where the incident happened;
Anyone on the Terrorist Watchlist maintained by the FBI;
Anyone subject to or who has violated an “Extreme Risk Protective Order” (ERPO or TERPO);
Anyone subject to a “Temporary Protection Order” under N.J.S. 2C:12-14.
Persons subject to or who have violated a temporary or final restraining order issued pursuant to the “Sexual Assault Survivor Protection Act of 2015,”;
Person previously admitted or committed to an inpatient mental health facility, whether voluntary or involuntary, or committed to outpatient treatment pursuant to P.L.1987, c.116 (C.30:4-27.1 et seq.), unless the court has expunged the person's record;
Person subject to an outstanding arrest warrant for an indictable crime in this or any other state or federal jurisdiction; or
Person who are a fugitive from justice due to having fled from any state or federal jurisdiction to avoid prosecution for a crime, other than a crime to which section 1 of P.L.2022, c.50 (C.2A:160-14.1) would apply, or to avoid giving testimony in any criminal proceeding.

The FID Application Process

N.J.S. 2C:39-5d specifies that applications for a handgun or firearms purchaser identification card are made to the chief of police where the applicant lives, or the Superintendent of State Police. The chief, or the Superintendent, is required to issue the card to any person qualified under subsection c. In determining whether the applicant is qualified, the chief (or Superintendent) follows procedures issued by New Jersey State Police.

N.J.S. 2C:39-5d then goes on to state:

Any person aggrieved by the denial of a permit or identification card may request a hearing in the Superior Court of the county in which the person resides if the person is a resident of New Jersey or in the Superior Court of the county in which the person's application was filed if the person is a nonresident. The request for a hearing shall be made in writing within 30 days of the denial of the application for a permit or identification card. The applicant shall serve a copy of the request for a hearing upon the chief police officer of the municipality in which the person resides, if the person is a resident of New Jersey, and upon the superintendent in all cases. The hearing shall be held and a record made thereof within 60 days of the receipt of the application for a hearing by the judge of the Superior Court.

Practical Considerations

So how does all this work in the real world? The answer is, “It works poorly. Very poorly.” Understand that New Jersey has a very anti-firearms Legislature, and a very anti-firearms judiciary. One early clue to what applicants must deal with comes from the very top of New Jersey State Police web page that discusses FID applications as viewed on June 25, 2020. That page announced at its very top, “Due to the large volume of submitted firearms applications, delays will be experienced. Please contact your local police department with any questions.” New Jersey State Police has, since then, removed that announcement. Its philosophy, however, remains unchanged.

The rights that New Jersey gun owners have flow from federal law. New Jersey does everything it can to interpret that federal law in the most restrictive manner possible. And on top of this oppressive interpretation of federal law, New Jersey resists adherence to even its own laws. For example, N.J.S. 2C:58-3f requires the chief of police to act on the FID application for New Jersey residents within thirty days. (For non-New Jersey residents, the processing time is extended to forty-five days.) The thirty (or forty-five) days often pass with the application being neither granted nor denied. When an applicant is sufficiently frustrated by the delay, he or she can ask the court to enforce the statute. The courts are little or no help. Adler v. Livak holds that if a required background check is not completed within the thirty (or forty-five) day period specified under N.J.S. 2C:58-3f, more time must be allowed. Never mind that background checks from the FBI are routinely completed within minutes.

When a denial does occur, N.J.S. 2C:58-3d specifies that the applicant can request a hearing in Superior Court. And the statute specifies that no filing fee or formal pleading is needed. Regardless, many counties require a fifty dollar fee to file the appeal. As indicated above, the hearing is to be held within thirty days. Again, the thirty days typically comes and goes with no hearing being held. In re Dubov stands for the proposition that the Superior Court of New Jersey, Appellate Division, will do nothing to enforce the N.J.S. 2C:58-3d time requirement. Unless disappointed applicants have much discretionary funds at their disposal for two and possibly three levels of appeal, their only recourse (such as it is) is to cool their heels and wait.

New Jersey State Police Spit upon the Second Amendment

There's more. N.J.S. 2C:58-3f specifies that firearms identification cards issued before July 5, 2022, remain valid “until such time as the holder becomes subject to any of the disabilities set forth in subsection c of this section.” FID cards issued after July 4, 2022, remain valid for ten years, again, unless the holder becomes subject to one or more disabilities. Yet, by regulations adopted by an agency run wild, and in total disregard of statute, New Jersey State Police adds its own circumstances in which it declares the FID card void. N.J.A.C. 13:54-1.7(a) specifies in part: “A State of New Jersey firearms purchaser identification card shall not be valid for more than 30 days after the information contained therein is no longer reflective of the issued person, that is, current address, name change, and/or sex change.” Section 13:54-1.11 of the New Jersey Administrative Code lists additional circumstances:

The firearms identification card has been lost;
The firearms identification card has been stolen;
The firearms identification card has become mutilated;
The holder of a firearms identification card has changed his/her address.

In all four situations listed above, in order to purchase additional firearms, N.J.A.C. 13:54-1.11 requires the holder to apply for a new FID card.

Gun Lawyers in New Jersey™ believe that N.J.S. 2C:58-3f precluded New Jersey State Police from adopting Section 13:54-1.11 of the New Jersey Administrative Code. This belief is reinforced by yet another provision in that same N.J.S. 2C:58-3f:

There shall be no conditions or requirement added to the form or content of the application, or required by the licensing authority for the issuance of a permit or identification card, other than those that are specifically set forth in this chapter.

But then a court case called IMO Boyadjian, 362 N.J. Super. 463 (App. Div., 2003), certif. den. 178 N.J. 250 (2003) held that the local police department could deny the new application even if no disqualifying events have happened since the initial approval. Another regulation, N.J.A.C. 13:54-1.15k, says that if for any reason, the ensuing investigation causes the application to be denied, the investigating agency is not allowed to disclose to the applicant the results of the investigation that caused the denial! (Can you spell “Kafka”, boys and girls?)

As just indicated, Boyadjian upheld denial of an application for a new FID card following an applicant's change of address. That decision cited N.J.A.C. 13:54-1.11. A close reading of the Boyadjian decision, however, suggests that the applicant never challenged the validity of the regulation. Rather, the applicant challenged only the authority of the police chief in his new town to reach a decision different from that of the chief in the original town. Also of note is that that decision was rendered by an intermediate appellate court. The Supreme Court of New Jersey denied discretionary review. Were this issue to ever reach the Supreme Court, the outcome might well be different.

A Call to Arms

Strong believers in the rule of law, especially as it relates to the Second Amendment, can fight abuses such as these. Fights of that nature are exciting. Unfortunately, they are also expensive. Nonetheless, Gun Lawyers in New Jersey™ stand ready to help preserve your Second Amendment rights.